http://localhost:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/8 2026-06-22T12:44:36Z 2026-06-22T12:44:36Z Baishya, Gobinda http://localhost:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/521 2026-05-25T05:08:50Z 2026-05-01T00:00:00Z

Title: ø¬ı ̄∏≈ûõ∂ ̧±√ 1±ˆ¬±1 ̧±ø ̋√√Ó¬... ̧ ̃¢∂Ó¬ ̃±'«¬ı±√œ ’±√ ̇« – ¤fl¡ ø¬ıÀù≠ ̄∏̱Rfl¡ ’Ò... ̊ ̨Ú Authors: Baishya, Gobinda Abstract: ’aÓ¬1øÌfl¡± õ∂ô¶±aÚ± – ’ ̧ ̃1 ̧±ø ̋√√Ó¬...- ̧—¶¥®øÓ¬ ’±1n∏ Ê√±Ó¬œ ̊ ̨ Ê√œaÚÕ ̆ ø ̊ ̧fl¡ ̆ ¬ı...øMêÀ ̊ ̨ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ̧ ̃ ̊ ̨Ó¬ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¬ı1„√√øÌ ’±·¬ıϬˇ± ̋◊ ∆·ÀÂ√, Œ ̧ ̋◊ ̧fl¡ ̆ ¬ı...øMê1 øˆ¬Ó¬1Ó¬ ø¬ı ̄∏≈ûõ∂ ̧±√ 1±ˆ¬±1 ¶ö±Ú ’Ú...Ó¬ ̃o ø¬ı ̄∏≈û 1±ˆ¬± ̋◊√ ̧±ø ̋√√Ó¬...- ̧—¶¥®øÓ¬1 Ê√·Ó¬‡Ú1 ̆·ÀÓ¬ ˆ¬±1Ó¬1 ¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬± ̧—¢∂± ̃1 1ÌÀÓ¬± ̧øSê ̊ ̨ˆ¬±Àa ’— ̇¢∂ ̋√ Ì fl¡ø1øÂ√ ̆o ’±Àμ± ̆ÚÓ¬ ’— ̇¢∂ ̋√ Ì1 õ∂Ô ̃±a¶ö±Ó¬ ̃ ̋√√±R± ·±gœ1 ’ø ̋√√— ̧± ̧Ó¬...±¢∂ ̋√ Ó¬ Œ ̊±· ø√øÂ√ ̆ ̊ø√› ø¬ÛÂ√1 ø¬ÛÀÚ ŒÓ¬›“ ̧ ̇¶a ø¬ıõ≠aœ ̧—¢∂± ̃1 ø¬ÛÀÚ Ï¬± ̆ ‡± ̊ ̨o ø¬ı ̄∏≈û 1±ˆ¬± ̋◊ ̧ ̃±Ê√‡ÚÓ¬ ‰¬ø ̆ ’ ̋√√± Œ ̇± ̄∏Ì ’±1n∏ Œ|Ìœ ∆¬ı ̄∏ ̃... 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̧±Ò±1Ì Œ|Ìœ1 ̃±Ú≈ ̋√ ø‡øÚ1 ›¬Û1Ó¬ ’Ó¬...±‰¬±1 fl¡ø1øÂ√ ̆o ¤ ̋◊ ’Ó¬...±‰¬±1-Œ ̇± ̄∏Ì1 ¬Û1± ̃≈øMê ø¬ı‰¬±ø1 ˆ¬±1Ó¬1 ̃±Ú≈À ̋√√ ¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬± ̧—¢∂± ̃ fl¡ø1À ̆ øͬÀfl¡ ̋◊√ , øfl¡c ¬Û1aÓ¬«œ ̧ ̃ ̊ ̨Ó¬ ˆ¬±1ÀÓ¬ Œ ̊øÓ¬ ̊ ̨± ̋◊—1±Ê√1 ¬Û1± ¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬± ̆±ˆ¬ fl¡ø1À ̆ ŒÓ¬øÓ¬ ̊ ̨±› ̧±Ò±1Ì Ê√Ú·Ì1 Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ̆±ˆ¬ Ú ̋√√í ̆o ¶§±ÒœÚ ˆ¬±1Ó¬Ó¬ ̧¬ı« ̋√ ±1± Œ|ÌœÀȬ±1 ›¬Û1Ó¬ ¤Àfl¡ Ò1ÀÌ ̋◊ Œ ̇± ̄∏Ì ’±1y fl¡ø1À ̆ ÚÓ≈¬ÚÕfl¡ ·Ï¬ˇ ∆ ̆ ά◊ͬ± Ê√ø ̃√±1œ-¬Û≈“øÊ√¬ı±√œ Œ|ÌœÀȬ±Àao ˆ¬±1Ó¬1 ̃±Ú≈ ̋√ ø‡øÚÀ ̊ ̨ ø ̊ ’± ̇± ’±1n∏ ’±¶ö±À1 ¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬± ̧—¢∂± ̃Ó¬ Œ ̊±· ø√øÂ√ ̆ ¬ı±ô¶aÓ¬ Œ ̧ ̊ ̨± ∆ ̋√√ Ú≈øͬ ̆o ̧¬ı« ̋√ ±1± Œ|ÌœÀȬ±1 ›¬Û1Ó¬ Œ ̇± ̄∏Ì-øڬۜάˇÚ ‰¬ø ̆À ̊ ̨ ̋◊ Ô±øfl¡ ̆o ¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬± õ∂±ø5À ̊ ̨ ̧±Ò±1Ì Ê√Ú ̧±Ò±1Ì1 ›¬Û1Ó¬ ̋◊ ̃±Ú ¬ıÂ√À1 fl¡ø1 ’ ̋√√± Œ ̇± ̄∏Ì1 ’ôL 0.1¬Ûø1¬ı ¬ı≈ø ̆ ÚÓ≈¬Ú ‰¬1fl¡±11 ¬Û1± ’± ̇± fl¡ø1À ̆ ̊ø√› ˆ¬±1Ó¬1 |ø ̃fl¡-fl‘¡ ̄∏fl¡ Œ|Ìœ1 ’a¶ö±1 Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ¬Ûø1aÓ¬«Ú Ú ̋√√í ̆o Œ√ ̇Ó¬ ’fl¡ ̆ é¬ ̃Ó¬±1À ̋√√ ¬ ̋√√ô¶±ôL1 ̋√√í ̆ ̧±Ò±1Ì ̃±Ú≈ ̋√ 1 øfl¡c ≈√‡1 ›1 Ú¬Ûø1 ̆o ¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬± õ∂±ø51 õ∂Ô ̃ ’a¶ö±ÀÓ¬ ̧ ̃±Ê√‡Ú1 Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ¬Ûø1aÓ¬«Ú Œ√‡± Ú±¬Û± 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2026-05-01T00:00:00Z Borgoyary, Sahalad http://localhost:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/520 2026-05-25T05:02:50Z 2026-05-01T00:00:00Z

Title: A STUDY ON THE APPLICATIONS OF IMPRECISE NUMBERS Authors: Borgoyary, Sahalad Abstract: ABSTRACT Our investigation in the thesis entitled “A STUDY ON THE APPLICATIONS OF IMPRECISE NUMBERS” consists of eight chapters. Chapter 1 is introductory in nature to discuss the basic and the brief history regarding the development of imprecise numbers. Motivation and the investigation of imprecise numbers presented in the later chapter are described in the light with related work of other authors. Definition of the imprecise number used in the later chapter from the earlier author is presented in the preliminary section. In Chapter 2 entitled “A Few Applications of One-dimensional Imprecise Numbers”, we have discussed the properties of one-dimensional imprecise number occurred under intersection and union operation. Properties are collected from the classical set theory to declare the imprecise numbers has the similar character with the classical set which can represent all membership element lies between 0 and 1 in a single set. If an imprecise number N = [α, β, γ] is associated with a presence level indicator function, ρ 1 (x), ρ X (x) = { ρ 2 (x), 0, when α ≤ x ≤ β when β ≤ x ≤ γ otherwise With a constant reference function 0 in the entire real line such that ρ 1 (x) is continuous and non-decreasing in the interval [α, β] and ρ 2 (x) is a continuous and non-increasing in the interval [β, γ]. Case I: If ρ 1 (α) = ρ 2 (γ) = 0 and ρ 1 (β) ≠ ρ 2 (β), then we call it subnormal imprecise number. Case II: If ρ 1 (α) = μ 2 (γ) = 0 and ρ 1 (β) = ρ 2 (β) = 1, then we call it normal imprecise number. Each element of the classical matrix is expressed in the form of the imprecise number to obtain imprecise matrix. Thus, matrix related problems with complexity in nature are represented in the imprecise matrix in this chapter so that their decomposition and separation behaviors can be studied with different imprecise matrix properties. Properties of imprecise matrix occurred under Arithmetic operations of addition and subtraction are used to solve some of the complex transportation problems. vIn Chapter 3, we have represented the two-dimensional complex problems in the two- dimensional imprecise numbers. Properties of the classical theory under the operation of intersection and unions are proposed in the two-dimensional imprecise numbers to declare that the two-dimensional imprecise numbers can be extendable from one- dimensional imprecise numbers having a similar character with classical set theory and are proved with examples. Two-dimensional imprecise numbers model is introduced to solve the two variables containing complex economic problems at the end of this chapter. In chapter 4 entitled “Three-dimensional imprecise numbers and its applications”, we have represented three-dimensional complex problems into three-dimensional imprecise numbers. Properties of three-dimensional imprecise numbers under the operations of union and intersection occurred in classical set theory are discussed with examples. For this reason, the structure of union and intersection of the three-dimensional numbers is represented with own notation in section 4.3. of this chapter. To discuss the complex problems of three variables a three-dimensional imprecise number model is introduced at the end of this chapter. In Chapter 5 entitled “Introduction of N th dimensional Imprecise Numbers”, we have introduced the definition of N th dimensional imprecise numbers with notation. Structure of intersection and the union is defined with maximum and minimum operators to study the properties of N th dimensional imprecise numbers. In chapter 6 entitled “Construction of Normal Imprecise Function”, we have used the definition of imprecise number to obtain an imprecise function. To be an imprecise function we must have some basic properties and are proposed at the beginning of this chapter. Any function can be transformed into an imprecise function form with the help of multiplication factors and are discussed in other section of this chapter. The condition for the rate of convergence of imprecise function properties is discussed for the different imprecise functions. It is a value for which an imprecise function is optimally applicable in a particular place. In chapter 7 entitled, “Rate of Convergence of the Sine Imprecise Function”, we have discussed the method for construction of sine imprecise function from the general function. For this reason, a polynomial of degree one, two and the exponential functions viare considered in this chapter. A particular data collection of points is considered as an example for the construction of sine imprecise function. Conversion point of the various sine imprecise functions is also discussed. Using imprecise numbers definition, the area formula of sine imprecise function is expressed in the summation form. In general y ∗ = (c 0 + c 1 x + c 2 x 2 + c 3 x 3 + ⋯ ... . . +c n x n ) sin(lx) ; lεZ is a sine imprecise function. Depending on the value of “n” and “l”, we wet different sine imprecise functions. For this reason, we get different graphs having different conversion points and different area formulae of sine imprecise functions. In chapter 8, we have discussed the method for construction of cosine imprecise function from the general function. For this study, a polynomial function of degree one and two are considered in the chapter. The cosine function is used as a multiplier to obtain cosine imprecise function. A particular data collection of points is considered as an example for the construction of different cosine imprecise function. Conversion points of the various cosine imprecise functions are also discussed. Using imprecise numbers as the limits of integration the area formula of cosine imprecise function is obtained in the summation form. In general y ∗ = (c 0 + c 1 x + c 2 x 2 + c 3 x 3 + ⋯ ... . . +c n x n ) cos(lx) ; lεZ is a cosine imprecise function. Depending on the value of “n” and “l” we get different cosine imprecise functions. For this matter, we get different graphs to have different conversion points with different cosine imprecise functions formulae.

2026-05-01T00:00:00Z MUSHAHARY, GWMSATH http://localhost:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/519 2026-05-22T09:40:19Z 2026-05-01T00:00:00Z

Title: BODO TRIBAL OUT-MIGRANT YOUTH WORKERS AND LEFT- BEHIND PARENTS: STUDY OF FOREST VILLAGES OF KOKRAJHAR DISTRICT, ASSAM (INDIA) Authors: MUSHAHARY, GWMSATH Abstract: Abstract Migration is a vital component of population dynamics (Lundquist et al., 2015), shaped by a range of socioeconomic, cultural, and demographic factors (Bhende & Kanitkar, 2003). Migration is largely driven by structural inequalities, income disparities, limited employment opportunities, and uneven access to public services (Parida & Raman, 2020). These patterns are particularly pronounced among marginalized and socially excluded groups, for whom migration becomes a key livelihood strategy. Kokrajhar is one of the most socioeconomically backward districts in Assam and India (Govt. of Assam, 2014). A substantial majority (93.8%) of the population resides in rural areas, associated with a low literacy rate, low sex ratio, and high non-worker population. The district has a Schedule Tribe population of 31.4%, which is significantly higher than the state average of 12.4%. It is predominantly inhabited by the Bodo tribe, along with other groups such as the Rabha and Garo. Geographical isolation, poor infrastructure, ethnic conflicts, and limited access to formal employment have hindered the district’s development. Ethnic tensions, including the Bodo-Santhali conflicts (1996, 1998, and 2014) and the Bodo-Muslim conflicts (1993, 2008, and 2012), have further exacerbated instability in the region. As a result, people from such areas migrate to other parts of the country in search of better opportunities. Despite this, studies focusing on post-conflict areas, particularly concerning the Bodo tribe, remain scarce. Therefore, the present study is based on the following objectives: (i) To know the causes and process of Bodo tribal youth Out-migration from Forest Villages of Kokrajhar district of Assam, from Left-Behind Parents (LBPs), (ii) To know the magnitude of remittances and the pattern of their utilisation by Left-Behind Parents (LBPs) and economic change at the place of origin, (iii) To understand the parents’ attitudes towards migration, expectations from the out- migrant children, and the nature of communications, (iv) To assess the psychosocial stress among the Left-Behind Parents (LBPs) due to the out- migration of their children. For this study, households are classified as either migrant or non-migrant. Each household must include at least one parent and one youth aged 18–29 years. Migrant households are defined as those with at least one youth engaged in labour outside the district for six months or more. In cases with multiple migrants, data were collected from the individual with the longest duration of stay at the destination. From each selected household, whether migrant or non-migrant,either the father or the mother was randomly chosen as the respondent based on availability and willingness. In cases of absence or refusal, the next eligible household was selected. Fieldwork was conducted between March and July 2023 across 33 of the most socio- economically backward forest villages (out of 66) in the study area. The total sample comprised 462 households, with half of the respondents drawn from non-migrant households. A semi- structured interview schedule (including both closed- and open-ended questions) was used to collect data, accompanied by in-depth interviews, observations, and focus group discussions. The General Health Questionnaire-28 was also employed to assess psychosocial well-being. Communication with respondents was conducted in the Bodo language to ensure accurate and comprehensive data collection. A mixed-methods approach, combining both qualitative and quantitative techniques, was adopted. Data were analyzed using SPSS-25, employing descriptive statistics (frequency, mean, standard deviation), chi-square tests, and logistic regression analysis. The study shows a clear gendered migration pattern, where almost all youth migrants are male. Migrants were typically older (mean age: 25.2 years), less educated, more likely to be married, and primarily engaged in manual labor. They came from households with larger family sizes, smaller landholdings (average: 5.4 bighas), lower incomes (INR 29,601), greater reliance on wage labor and forest resources, and higher levels of food insecurity. LBPs were predominantly older, less educated (80.1% illiterate), more often female and widowed/divorced, and more dependent on wage labor compared to non-migrant households. Migration decisions were influenced by age, education, marital status, earnings, occupation, and social networks. Younger migrants were more likely to migrate independently, while older and married migrants were often influenced by peers. Less educated migrants relied on friends for inspiration, and about one-third of them migrated to South India. Migration was primarily driven by push factors such as small landholdings (18.4%), poverty (15.2%), low and irregular wages (14.3%), large family burdens (12.2%), and debt (7.6%). Focus group discussions (FGDs) and interviews revealed that the collapse of traditional livelihoods, local unemployment, and peer influence from returning migrants also played significant roles. Remittance behavior was closely linked to age and marital status, with older migrants (aged ≥23 years) and married individuals remitting more due to greater family responsibilities. While 35.4% remitted regularly, many lacked savings due to financial pressures. Remittances were primarily used for daily needs, debt repayment, healthcare, andeducation. Destination choice was influenced by wage prospects and social networks, with Bangalore being the most preferred location. Social ties remained strong, 54.5% migrated with friends, and 51.9% maintained contact with them at their destinations. However, 61.9% had only occasional contact with their families, and 35.9% had not returned home since they migrated. The study finds that remittance behavior among Bodo tribal youth migrants is shaped by both individual and household-level factors. Migrants with education below Class IX had the highest remittance rates (93.61%) and remitted more regularly, reflecting greater household dependency. In contrast, those educated above Class X showed slightly lower remittance rates (85.71%) despite earning more. Migration to South India resulted in the highest average remittance levels (INR 31,068.97), supported by better job opportunities. A longer duration of stay (over three years) is also correlated with higher and more consistent remittances (INR 35,010.20). Income strongly influenced remittance amounts; migrants earning above INR 20,000 remitted the most (INR 33,474.58), although lower-income migrants tended to remit more consistently. Married migrants remitted both more frequently and in larger amounts (INR 35,078.95), driven by increased familial responsibilities. Savings behavior showed a modest inverse relationship with remittance frequency and volume, as migrants without savings remitted more frequently and in slightly higher amounts (INR 27,957.03), prioritizing household needs over savings. Regular communication and home visits were linked to higher remittance regularity and volume, highlighting the role of emotional ties. Migrants whose spouses managed remittances sent the highest amounts (INR 35,512.66), indicating strong financial interdependence. At the household level, Hindu families received slightly higher remittances (INR 28,029.85) and had a greater receipt rate (90.27%) compared to Christian households. Larger households (≥5 members) and land-poor families (≤5 bighas) received higher remittances (INR 29,405.30), reflecting greater dependency and limited local income sources. Household income, debt status, and lack of government support emerged as key determinants of remittance inflows. Low-income households (≤INR 20,000) received the highest remittances (INR 35,242.42), highlighting the compensatory role of remittances in poor settings. Indebted households (INR 31,336.63) and those not covered by welfare schemes (INR 28,714.29) also received higher remittances, underscoring migration as a crucial livelihood strategy in the absence of institutional support. Households engaged in agriculture and those with inadequate production reported higher remittances than those reliant on wage labour or small businesses.However, remittance volume did not increase proportionately with the number of migrants per household. Remittances were primarily used for daily needs, followed by house repairs, debt repayment, healthcare, and education. Poorer and small landholding households prioritized essentials such as food and education, while higher and regular remittances supported more strategic spending on debt repayment and healthcare. Usage also varied by recipient, with spouses allocating more towards basic needs and education. Remittances improved the quality of life for 48.5% of households, particularly in areas such as housing, food, education, and health. However, many households reported no significant change, underscoring the coping-oriented nature of remittances. In agrarian households, women's workload increased due to the migration of male youth. LBPs played key roles in household decision-making, often jointly with spouses or daughters-in-law. The emotional well-being of LBPs was significantly influenced by gender, age, health status, income, family size, remittance regularity, and frequency of communication. Higher levels of distress were reported among female, older, low-income LBPs, those in larger families, and those with irregular contact with their migrant children. Notably, LBPs without common illnesses exhibited higher emotional distress, possibly due to unmet expectations. Expectations related to remittances, care, co-residence, and return varied according to the migrant’s age, marital status, education, income, and destination. LBPs of younger, unmarried, well-educated, and higher-earning migrants, especially those working in South India, held stronger expectations. Similarly, female, married, and illiterate LBPs, particularly cultivators and housewives, showed greater emotional and financial dependence on migrants. Sick LBPs reported higher needs for care (83.58%) and remittances (87.69%), while those living alone or only with a spouse expressed stronger desires for co-residence (65.21%) and the return of their children (52.17%). These findings underscore the multidimensional nature of LBP experiences in the context of youth migration. Visitation and communication patterns between migrants and LBPs varied notably based on both migrant and LBP characteristics. Older (≥23 years) and married migrants, those in frequent contact with their spouses, and regular or high remitters (INR 30,001 and above) were more likely to visit home and maintain consistent communication. Migrants in South India showed higher visitation rates (29.50%) than those in the Northeast (24.52%). Interestingly, higher education levels among migrants were associated with fewer visits, possibly due to greater job demands.Migrant age, marital status, duration of stay, and destination positively influenced contact frequency, with longer stays and migration to South India linked to better communication. Regular remitters and frequent visitors demonstrated stronger emotional ties with their families. Among LBPs, females, older individuals, and the illiterate received more visits, likely due to their perceived vulnerability. Wage laborers showed more balanced visitation patterns. However, LBPs suffering from illnesses received fewer visits and had less regular contact, highlighting how health status can influence the level of support received from migrant children. Psychological distress among LBPs was widespread, with 78.47% reporting symptoms according to the GHQ-28 scale. Distress was notably higher among those aged above 50 years, widowed or divorced (89.28%), illiterate, chronically ill, engaged in wage labor, from larger families, and low-income households (earning less than INR 20,000 annually). Surprisingly, higher remittances (above INR 30,000) and regular contact with migrant children were associated with greater distress, possibly due to prolonged separation or increased emotional burden. In contrast, LBPs who had no contact with their children reported lower distress levels (33.33%), suggesting that ignorance may, paradoxically, reduce anxiety. Distress was also slightly higher among those living with extended family, recipients of welfare schemes (81.75%), and even among debt-free households, indicating deeper vulnerabilities beyond financial indicators. Youth migration among Bodo tribal communities remains a critical economic survival strategy, yet it imposes significant psychosocial costs on left-behind families. While remittances provide financial support, they do not alleviate emotional suffering, particularly among female caregivers. These findings underscore the urgent need for integrated policy interventions that enhance rural livelihoods, expand welfare coverage, and offer psychosocial support.

2026-05-01T00:00:00Z Basumatary, Ansumwi http://localhost:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/518 2026-05-22T09:35:46Z 2026-05-01T00:00:00Z

Title: EFFECT OF PARENTING STYLE AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS ON ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT OF HIGHER SECONDARY STUDENTS IN UDALGURI DISTRICT, ASSAM Authors: Basumatary, Ansumwi Abstract: Abstract A nation’s progress and prosperity depend upon its educational system. Education is a designed process which refers to the attainment of knowledge and promotes the harmonious progress of a person. The fundamental meaning of education is the all- round improvement of human being. Education helps to unfold the inborn qualities of children and develop their personality fully in respect of physical, mental, intellectual, emotional, aesthetic and spiritual. It endures through various stages throughout the course of evolution. Academic achievement serves as an important dimension to measure the educational development. Since the students are the future of tomorrow their academic excellence is imperative for shaping their future. Good education prepares students for future careers, is linked to positive outcomes and is a main criterion to measure one’s total potentialities and capabilities. Examination is a vital tool for measuring students’ academic achievement. It enables to assess the students’ performance academically in the formal education system. The higher secondary students’ academic achievement in class XII board examination affects their future choices for higher studies and careers. Therefore, the higher secondary education stage is crucial as it prepares adolescent boys and girls for their future professions. Several factors affect the academic achievement like attitude, classroom environment, role of parents, social circle, psychological and health-related factors, guidance and counselling services and so on. Among these, parenting styles and socio-economic status are two important factors essential for students to fulfil their dreams and to compete with the world. Thus, the researcher aimed to study the effect of parenting styles and socio-economic status on the academic achievement of higher secondary students in Udalguri district. The present study intends to achieve the following objectives: 1. To examine the academic achievement of higher secondary students of Udalguri district (from 2011-2020). 2. To find out the parenting styles of parents of higher secondary students. 3. To determine the relationship between parenting styles and academic achievement of higher secondary students. 14. To find out the socio-economic status of parents of higher secondary students. 5. To determine the relationship between socio-economic status and academic achievement of higher secondary students. On the basis, of the objectives framed two null hypotheses are formulated to study the connection among academic achievement, parenting styles and socio-economic status. The study is delimited to students who passed the higher secondary final examination in the year, 2020 from Arts stream under AHSEC Board in Udalguri district only. The present study followed the descriptive survey method. For sample selection the investigator used a census sampling technique to select the degree colleges and a proportionate stratified random sampling technique to select the students. A sample of 770 students, consisting of 240 students from private colleges and 530 students from government colleges, was drawn, i.e., by taking 30% from private and government colleges from the total population of 2567 students using the proportionate stratified random sampling method. The study is based on both Primary and Secondary sources of data. Two standardised tools are used to study the parenting styles and socio-economic status. The collected data are tabulated by using statistical methods like- percentage and coefficient of correlation (Pearson’s Product Moment Method). Objective No 1: To examine the academic achievement of higher secondary students of Udalguri district (from 2011-2020) Under this objective the investigator observed the district-wise higher secondary final examination performance in Assam and the performance of Udalguri district from the year 2011 to 2020. The investigator also examined the level of academic achievement of the sample students based on the marks obtained by the students in higher secondary final examination. From the findings, it may be asserted that the performance of Udalguri district in the higher secondary final examination from the year 2011 to 2020 is not satisfactory. The pass percentage is low as compared to other districts in the state-level result. Concerning the district-wise data, in 2020, Udalguri district stands at 24 th position out of 33 districts of Assam and 3 rd position in Bodoland Territorial Area Districts (BTAD) 2based on the students’ performance in higher secondary final examination. A large number of students have appeared in the examination, but only a small number have passed. According to the data, the majority of the students in Udalguri district are ‘Average Achievers’ due to few number of students passing in first division and maximum students pass in the third division. The result addressing the level of academic achievement of students taken as sample indicates that students have an average level of academic achievement. The findings suggest that majority (47.92%) of the students are ‘Average’ achievers. This result can be interpreted that majority of the student’s academic achievement is a matter of concern, as only 25.45% are classified as high achievers. Further, the finding indicates that males have outperformed the female students. Thus, it is essential to draw the attention of concerned authorities in order to provide better strategies for students’ high academic achievement. Objective No 2: To find out the parenting styles of parents of higher secondary students This objective observed the level of different parenting styles of parents of higher secondary students. In case of democratic parenting style, majority (34.03%) of the students indicated that their parents used democratic parenting and their response falls in the ‘Extremely High’ level. The result indicated that among different styles of parenting, the democratic parenting style was deemed the most predominant. Parents who are democratic are more responsive and listen to their children, are more forgiving and nurturing rather than punishing. In terms of autocratic parenting, majority (30.26%) of the responses fell into the ‘Above Average’ group. According to the results, autocratic parenting emerged as the second most popular parenting among the parents. Students who perceived their parents as autocratic conveyed through their responses that they are expected to obey their parents without questioning, perform better than others, and their parents command them what to do and what not to do, compel them to follow rules and discipline. The results on permissive parenting revealed that, majority (23.25%) of the students’ response fall into the ‘Below Average’ group. This parenting style advocates for giving children complete freedom, fulfilling their every desire 3whether good or bad, and appreciating their children’s behaviour, regardless of how they behave. In this parenting style, parents often struggle to discipline their children and feel guilty about refusing them. According to analysis on uninvolved parenting, the majority (26.88%) of students’ replies fall into the ‘Extremely Low’ group. This style is hardly adopted by parents in the upbringing of their children. Uninvolved parents have a careless and neglectful attitude towards their children. They are unconcerned about their children’s wants and expectations, hardly remember important things of their children, and are too busy to respond to their children. Furthermore, uninvolved parents are often unaware of their children’s studies and academic performance; in other cases, they have no idea what grades their children receive in class. Objective No 3: To determine the relationship between parenting styles and academic achievement of higher secondary students The result indicates that the relationship between parenting styles and academic achievement is statistically significant. The stated null hypothesis (H 01 )“There is no significant relationship between parenting styles and academic achievement of higher secondary students” fails to be accepted. A noteworthy correlation is observed between democratic parenting style and academic achievement, with a fairly positive level of correlation. The correlation between autocratic parenting style and academic achievement is found slightly significant and with low positive correlation. Significant, but weak correlation is found between permissive parenting style and academic achievement. A negative and insignificant correlation is observed between uninvolved parenting style and overall students’ academic achievement. Objective No 4: To find out the socio-economic status of parents of higher secondary students The result on the analysis of socio-economic status of parents of higher secondary students reveal that majority (38.83%) of the students’ falls on ‘Above Average’ socio- economic status level. The result reveals that maximum students come from ‘Above Average’ socio-economic backgrounds followed by ‘Average’ and ‘Below Average’ families. 4Objective No 5: To determine the relationship between socio-economic status and academic achievement of higher secondary students The result showed a positive and significant relationship between socio-economic status and academic achievement. The null hypothesis stating (H 02 ) “There is no significant relationship between socio-economic status and academic achievement of higher secondary students” fails to be accepted. Considering this finding, we can conclude that socio-economic status is an important and favourable predictor of academic achievement. Summary of the Study The findings of the present study conclude that academic achievement is significantly related to parenting styles and socio-economic status. The students’ academic achievement in Udalguri district is average. Thus, there is an imperative need to improve the academic achievement of students in Udalguri district. Parenting style and socio-economic status are two important factors associated with the academic achievement of students. Therefore, parents must be made aware of their contribution to children’s academic achievement as their parenting has significant impact on children’s development and upbringing. The Central and State Government should take steps to create more job opportunities to help people improve their financial condition and socio-economic position, as this is also an essential factor in student’s academic success. The investigator hopes that the present study will contribute to improving the academic achievement of students in the higher secondary stage, as well as create awareness among the educational authorities, state government, educators, teachers, parents, students and the general population at large. 5

2026-05-01T00:00:00Z